1882年3月24日世界著名的德国科学家科赫氏在柏林宣布发现结核菌。
你知道什么是肺结核吗？
肺结核俗称肺痨，它是由结核分枝杆菌感染人体肺部引起的一种慢性呼吸系统传染病。典型肺结核起病缓慢，病程经过较长。
肺结核的主要传播途径：是通过空气传播，肺结核的患者通过咳嗽、咳痰，或者打喷嚏、飞沫以及交谈等呼吸过程，把结核菌排出体外，通过飞沫向外播散。
那么，怎么控制传染？
第一，要控制传染源。能传播结核菌的患者，就是传染源；一个喷嚏、一场口水飞溅的聊天，随地一口痰，都可能造成结核菌的传播。结核菌的命很硬，在痰里还能存活半年，就算痰干了，它也死不了，随着一阵风飘在空气中就能找到下一个目标。
第二，大部分新发现的结核病人在科学治疗几周后基本就没有了传染性。积极治疗，控制传染源，是把肺结核扼杀在摇篮的第一步。
第三，要切断传播途径。咳嗽、打喷嚏时要用纸巾捂住口鼻、不随地吐痰；在家里要开窗、勤通风；人群密集的场所，需佩戴好口罩，要加强通风。
第四，保护易感人群。结核菌侵入人体的机会比较多，随时都在跟我们的免疫系统打架。肺结核多发生于免疫力低下或者婴幼儿方面的人群。小孩子在出生时就会迎来“第一针”--接种卡介苗，可预防肺结核的发生。成年人就需要增强自身身体抵抗力。规律的生活作息习惯、适当锻炼身体、健康均衡饮食、戒烟戒酒，都有助于增强抵抗力。
第五，我们在生活中最常用消毒方法有以下几种：
1.煮沸消毒：患者接触过的物品，可以用煮沸的方法，煮10分钟以上能杀死全部的结核分枝杆菌。
2.光照消毒：利用日光的热、干燥和紫外线的作用来杀菌，对结核患者的衣服、被褥等用品，采用太阳光照射的简单消毒方法是有效的。将物品放在阳光下直射，暴晒6小时，期间要定时翻动。
3.紫外线消毒：结核分枝杆菌对紫外线具有敏感性，主要指日光内的紫外线和紫外线灭菌灯。
4.痰液消毒：痰等口鼻分泌物吐在有盖的痰盂里，放点生石灰就能达到消毒的效果。
最后告诉大家对于结核病治疗，需要科学的早期、规律、全程、适量、联合治疗。与肺结核患者有过接触的、或者自己出现了咳嗽、咳痰、下午发热及晚上盗汗，消瘦等症状，部分患者还会有痰中带血的情况，时间超过两周以上就需要及时到医院做检查，排查感染肺结核的可能。这样才能保护你及家人的身体健康！
供稿：李云秀（感染科）
编辑：罗志勤（护理部）
核稿：王 琼（护理部）
审稿：邓 刚
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