冬春交替的季节里，呼吸道疾病来势汹汹，儿童青少年更是高发群体。有的孩子同时感染两三种病毒，有的家庭一家几口全部中招，有的学校整个年级全部停课……面对诱发呼吸道疾病的病毒和细菌，大家开始思考如何才能提高孩子抵御呼吸道疾病的能力。
营养作为健康的基石，是维持人体正常免疫功能的重要条件。如何借营养发力，帮助孩子安然度过这个病原体肆虐的季节呢？
吃不好 增加疾病感染风险
儿童青少年正处于生长发育的重要阶段，应保证一日三餐、定时定量、饮食规律，能量和营养素摄入充足。做到食物多样，每餐的膳食包括谷薯类、蔬菜水果、畜禽鱼蛋、奶和大豆等食物中的3类及以上；每天摄入食物种类达到12种以上，每周达到25种以上。
2～5岁儿童每天3次正餐和2次加餐。选择营养素密度高的食物，如奶类、水果、蛋类和坚果，配以少量松软面点。每天饮奶350～500毫升，饮水600～800毫升。
6～17岁儿童青少年要合理安排三餐，吃好早餐；每天应摄入300毫升以上的液态奶或者相当量的奶制品。
儿童挑食、偏食等行为会导致营养素摄入失衡，是呼吸道疾病发生的危险因素。对于此类儿童，日常配餐要注重同类食物互换，丰富食物品种。如用杂粮或薯类部分替代米或面，避免长期食用一种主食。将畜肉与禽肉互换，鱼与虾互换，各种蛋类互换，注重蔬菜的颜色和品种搭配。
在平衡膳食的基础上，合理烹调，培养健康的饮食习惯。为儿童青少年提供的食物应新鲜、卫生，宜选择性质平和、易于消化、健脾开胃的食物。合理烹调，采用蒸、煮、炖、煨等烹饪方式，少用油炸、烧烤、腌渍等方式。
为2～5岁儿童烹饪时少用调料，经常变换食物形状或质地、食物份量、烹调方式等，提高儿童食欲。对于2～3岁幼儿，食物制作要适当细碎软烂，食用坚果类、整粒豆类食物时要注意安全，避免呛入气管。不建议提供带碎骨、带刺、带核和带壳食物。
鼓励孩子尝试新食物并给予表扬，提高其对食物的接受度。引导儿童自主、专心进食，保证进食时不看电视、玩玩具或做游戏。尽量固定进餐时间，营造温馨的进餐环境。
6～17 岁儿童青少年要做到不盲目节食、不暴饮暴食。禁止饮用含酒精的饮品，少吃腌菜、辣条、糖果、蜜饯、人造奶油蛋糕、肥肉等食物。尽量在家就餐，培养进食兴趣。在外就餐也要注重食物多样、合理搭配，尤其要注意食物的新鲜卫生。
吃得好 让疾病好得更快
家长对于患病儿童的饮食健康，常常陷入两极化误区。有的家长担心所谓的“发物”影响身体康复，每天不是让孩子吃大米粥就是白水煮面。也有家长担心孩子营养跟不上，每天给孩子补充大鱼大肉和各种营养品。这两种方式都不科学。那么，感染呼吸道疾病的儿童应该怎么吃呢？
6月龄以内的患儿，建议以哺乳为主，可适当喝点水。年龄稍大的儿童，多吃富含优质蛋白质的食物，同时要全面加强维生素的补充，多吃水果和蔬菜，多饮水，清淡饮食，少吃虾蟹等海鲜，尤其是患有过敏性咳嗽的孩子。
基本饮食原则如下
来源：《大众健康》杂志
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